The former player: 'I really hoped to carry on playing'
Important note: This piece includes details of racially offensive language and conduct
FormerEngland centre Luther Burrell states that going public to reveal racism in professional rugby led his career to an early end.
In a 2022 interview, Burrell described racism as being "rife" in the sport, displaying digital communications and recalling training ground "jokes" he had been subject to while representing Newcastle.
Then 34 and without a team, Burrell's only elite playing since has been three appearances with guest team the Barbarians.
"I've have absolutely had to retire because of what occurred," he explained to media outlets.
"I hoped to carry on playing, of course I did. I sought that, and it fell through when news came out that there were investigations going on.
"This situation was difficult - I had to just accept the fate and understand that this entire situation is a lot more important than me."
A rugby governing body report in 2023 found Burrell's allegations were true "likely correct", but stated it could not gather sufficient evidence to definitively say they happened at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's international games in 2014-15, but was controversially overlooked for their squad for the 2015 World Cup
Burrell told journalists he also faced discrimination within the England team environment, during a international career that saw him earn 15 appearances after his debut in February 2014.
"I have had several distressing experiences within England camp," he stated.
"Some discrimination and some just outdated thinking that's really unacceptable."
Racism had become normalised in team environments, in Burrell's experience.
"It's something that has been dressed up as banter and that's been the issue that I've myself experienced and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican descent.
"Over a period of time you just begin to think that it's the norm and that is fine and that it's not harmful, but that's incorrect."
Burrell says he was eventually spurred to go public after a fellow player at Newcastle referred to him as a "enslaved person" and instructed him to put sun cream on his arms and legs "where chains would be placed."
The rugby authority said Burrell's revelations had led to "increased scrutiny at the environment within the elite game and to the introduction of an action plan for the elite level."
"The organization has placed significant attention on inclusion and inclusion in the sport and a great deal of work completed both prior and since Luther Burrell came forward and shared his encounters of racism and class discrimination," it continued.
"We are continuing work with clubs and partners in the elite level to work for a culture of inclusivity but recognize this requires patience and is an ongoing process."
All Prem and women's rugby club now has in-person training on building welcoming environments, with its success monitored via individual reports and feedback.
All England players, including age-grade squads, are educated in being "active bystanders" to step in and defend others from harmful conduct.
"You should be so pleased of what you have done," Burrell's mother Joyce said to him as part of the film Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"We know it has had this effect on you and finished your playing days, but in our view, you have done so much. We are so proud of you and to have you as a family member."
Burrell's dad Geoff died soon after the production of the documentary, and his sibling passed away earlier this year.
Burrell, who was raised on a social housing in Huddersfield, maintains his work to make the sport more open.
His charitable organization works to connect with children in under-served communities and help them succeed both on the pitch with complimentary sports coaching, guidance and nutrition education.
"My personal motivations are genuine, I want to see the evolution of the game and if nobody else is prepared to tell their story then I'll persist to fight that cause because I'm not just doing this for myself," he explained.
"We have an obligation to make the sport as excellent as it can be and the longer I speak about it hopefully the more comfortable others will feel about sharing their own experiences as well.
"I need to take the bull by the horns and continue bearing this banner and keep supporting this weight and do what I can to create opportunities and make the sport more attractive and more welcoming.
"There's a lot of disadvantaged children and a lot of poverty and I honestly think that rugby has the potential to change their lives, just as it transformed things for me."
Burrell scored for the Barbarians on a comeback to former club Northampton in late 2022