The Parisian club has now claimed the prestigious cup on 14 separate times.
The Parisian giants needed a dramatic equaliser followed by a successful spot-kick decider to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup victory.
The Champions League holders seemed to be coasting towards a comfortable triumph in the showdown featuring the Ligue 1 winners and the French Cup holders after the French winger found the net in the opening stages.
However, Marseille struck twice late to seize a shock advantage. First, Mason Greenwood scored from the penalty spot, before the defender inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a breathtaking twist of events, Goncalo Ramos grabbed a crucial leveler in the final moments to send the contest into a penalty shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Lucas Chevalier then emerged as the hero, saving crucial attempts from O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and the young talent all converted with composure for PSG to complete a convincing penalty victory.
The record champions PSG, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now won this competition for the twelfth time in the past 13 years.